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Evaporation suppressing monolayers
Evaporation suppressing monolayers are materials that when applied to the air/water interface, will spread (or self-assemble) and form a thin film across the surface of the water. The purpose of these materials is to reduce evaporative water loss from dams and reservoirs.
== Mechanism ==
The specific mechanism that underlies monolayer evaporation resistance has been attributed to the physical barrier formed by the presence of these materials on the surface of the water (see figure).〔Barnes, G., & Gentle, I. (2011). Interfacial science: an introduction. Oxford University Press.〕 The extent to which a material can resist the evaporation of water is best treated on a case-by-case basis, however, a number of empirically derived formulas have been reported. Before the advent of surface spectroscopic techniques such as Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM) and Glancing Incidence X-Ray reflectrometry (GIXD), it was thought that the intermolecular spacing between monolayer molecules was the largest determinant factor governing evaporation suppression. When the surface density of the monolayer was sufficiently small, water molecules were presumed to pass through the space between molecules.〔Blank, M. (1964). An approach to a theory of monolayer permeation by gases. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 68(10), 2793-2800.〕〔Blank, M., & Britten, J. S. (1965) Transport properties of condensed monolayers. Journal of colloid science, 20(8), 789-800.〕〔〔Barnes, G. T., Quickenden, T. I., & Saylor, J. E. (1970). A statistical calculation of monolayer permeation by water. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 33(2), 236-243.〕 Scattering and imaging results, however, revealed that the intermolecular distance between monolayer molecules was essentially constant, and that evaporation was more likely at domain boundaries.〔McNamee, C. E., Barnes, G. T., Gentle, I., Peng, J. B., Steitz, R., & Probert, R. (1998). The evaporation resistance of mixed monolayers of octadecanol and cholesterol. Journal of colloid and interface science, 207(2), 258-263.〕
The factors governing the efficacy of an evaporation suppressing monolayer are the ability to remain tightly packed despite changes in surface pressure, the ability to adhere to the surface of water, and to neighbouring molecules.〔
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